The aim of this guide is to shed light on the ins and outs of pet rat ownership, debunk common misconceptions, and give you everything you need to know to ensure your pet rats live healthy and fulfilling lives.
When I first started out caring for rats (20 years ago!) there wasn’t much information available. The internet wasn’t as helpful as it is now, and all I had was a book on rat care that was even older than that, falling apart, and had a ton of outdated information in it.
Animal husbandry has definitely evolved since then, and my aim is to keep the most up to date information in one place to help rat fanciers give their animals the best possible life.
From preparing your home for your pet rat, finding the perfect pet for you, and watching out for common health issues, we’ve got you covered!
The Charm of Pet Rats
Pet rats, often misunderstood, are engaging, affectionate, and intelligent animals that make amazing pets. Whether you’re considering bringing a pet rat home for the first time or you’ve kept them for years, this comprehensive guide will give you all kinds of ideas to keep your ratties entertained, cozy and healthy.
Rats are lovely pets, and we want to give them the best in return. Their social natures mean they’re highly responsive to their caregivers, building deep bonds and actively seeking out human company. Many rats actually enjoy getting pets and being handled, and can even learn their name and do tricks! Their energetic and comical personalities can offer endless amusement to their humans.
When given proper care and attention, rats can become an integral part of the family, providing companionship and hours of interactive fun. Not to mention, watching their antics and idiosyncrasies provides an unusual but fascinating insight into their unique world.
Having a pet rat can be particularly rewarding as you watch your rat grow, learn, and develop, all while providing you with affectionate companionship.
Rats are, in my opinion, some of the best pets for kids due to their friendly nature and small size. They can teach kids about responsibility, empathy, and the circle of life. However, adult supervision is essential, especially when it comes to handling and caring for the rat. Children should be taught how to interact gently with their pet rat and understand its needs.
Discover more about if rats make good pets for kids.
Preparing for Your Rat
If you have your heart set on getting pet rats, you’ll probably want to know where to buy them, and the differences between the varieties of rats!
Where to Buy a Pet Rat
Choosing where to get your pet rat from is a crucial first step in your rat care journey. Many options are available, including breeders, pet stores, and rescue centers, each with its distinct advantages and drawbacks.
Breeders are a popular choice because they usually have a deep understanding of their animals’ health, genetics, and personality traits. They provide a reliable source of healthy, well-socialized rats who are very unlikely to bite.
With that said, the demand for breeders’ rats can sometimes outstrip supply, meaning you may need to wait or travel to find the right rat.
Pet stores offer accessibility and variety. It is typically easier to find a pet store selling rats than a breeder. But chain pet stores might not provide the same level of care or socialization as a dedicated breeder, and it’s essential to research the store’s reputation before making a purchase.
Rescue centers are another avenue to explore. Rescuing a rat gives a second chance to a creature in need. I would recommend this option if you’re a bit more experienced with rats, because they may need additional care and socialization. The reward of providing a loving home to a rat in need can be deeply fulfilling. Find more detailed advice, see where to buy a pet rat.
Researching the Different Varieties (“Breeds”)
In rats, “breeds” are called varieties. Each has its own unique traits and characteristics, mainly to do with body shape and coat type. Regardless of the way they look, they tend to have very similar temperaments.
Standard rats are probably the most common variety. Dumbo rats, with their large, round ears placed low on the sides of their heads, are loved for their adorable, sometimes derpy look.
Rex rats have curly or wavy fur and whiskers, giving them a unique, textured appearance. And then there are Hairless rats, which, as their name suggests, lack any coat! They do require a slightly different care because of their exposed skin but are otherwise very similar to their furry counterparts.
Find out more about rat varieties here.
Decide on Males or Females
If you aren’t prepared to breed rats, I always recommend that new rat owners stick with one sex or the other. It can be quite stressful to keep both in the same household, because they can, of course, make tons of babies very quickly if left alone together!
Male and female rats are actually quite different from each other, in terms of size, personality, smell, and health considerations. For a super in depth comparison, see: Should I Get Boy or Girl Rats?
Pick Up a Pair of Rats
Pet rats should never be kept alone, because they get lonely and depressed. Rats need other rats to help them groom, communicate with them, and snuggle with them in ways we can’t.
A pair of siblings is ideal for a new rat owner. For more considerations on group sizes, see: How Many Rats Should I Get?
Setting Up Your Rat Cage
It’s a good idea to have your cage set up before you bring your rat home. For the first week or two, you don’t need to have a “fully loaded” cage setup with every enrichment item! Your rats will probably be quite shy with you at first, and will be happy with a few hammocks and hidey-houses until they learn to trust you.
Buying Your First Pet Rat Cage
The cage you pick out for your rat will become its home, so it’s crucial to choose wisely. Space, security, and ventilation are key factors to consider when purchasing your first pet rat cage.
Rats are active, intelligent creatures that probably need more space than you think to move around, explore, and play. Too cramped of a cage can lead to health and behavioral issues.
As a rule of thumb, provide as much space as you can reasonably afford and accommodate in your home. The cage should have plenty of vertical space for climbing, while being careful to provide fall breakers (like hammocks) to softly catch rats in case they fall from higher up.
Security is another significant concern when picking out a cage. Rats are master escape artists, so ensure that the cage has a good latch. The cage bars should also be close enough together to prevent your rat from slipping out – they can slip through surprisingly small spaces.
Ventilation is also crucial for rats’ health, making wire cages the better choice over glass tanks or plastic bins. Wire cages allow for enough airflow, preventing the build-up of ammonia from urine that can lead to respiratory problems in rats. Dive into our guide to buying your first pet rat cage for more information on cage sizing and recommendations.
Creating an Enriching Rat Cage Setup
Your pet rat’s cage is their home! And they will be spending most of their time in it. It needs to be safe, comfortable, and enriching.
Include multiple levels in the cage for your rat to explore, as well as cozy hideouts for resting. Toys like tunnels, ropes, and chew items can stimulate your rat, keep them entertained, and help them stay active.
An enriching environment can significantly enhance your rat’s mental and physical well-being. For more inspiration, check out this guide to creating an enriching rat cage setup that encourages all of their natural behaviours.
Bedding Options for Pet Rats
Choosing the right bedding for your pet rat is critical for their health and comfort. The ideal bedding is absorbent, dust-free, and safe for rats to burrow in.
Wood shavings are some of the most popular and the best for odor control, but they need to be kiln dried to remove all oils and fragrance so that they don’t aggravate respiratory issues. There are also lots of paper-based bedding options for pet rats that may need to be changed more often, but are soft, comfy, and fun to stash.
This comprehensive guide on bedding options for pet rats covers most of the options available in different parts of the world, as well as nesting materials you can offer rats for their hammocks and hiding houses.
Tips for Keeping Your Rats Cozy and Comfortable
Temperature regulation is another factor in rat care. Rats are comfortable in a similar room temperature range to humans, roughly 20-26°C (68-79°F). It’s most important to keep the temperature fairly steady throughout the year, as drastic temperature changes is when you’ll often find rats getting stressed out or sick.
Keep their cage away from drafts, direct sunlight, and other pets.
Your rat’s comfort should be a priority. This includes providing a warm and draft-free environment, comfortable bedding, and quiet periods for them to rest. For more on temperature, including how to keep your rats happy during heat waves and cold temperatures, explore tips for keeping your rats cozy.
Setting up Free Roam Areas
While rats love their cages and treat them as a safe home base, letting them explore outside for 1-2 hours a day gives them plenty of extra mental stimulation. For tips on how to rat-proof your rooms to make them safe for pet rats, see this article on Free Roaming Rats.
Bonding with Your New Rat: Building Trust and Friendship
While rats are known for being friendly and less skittish than other pocket pets, it can take them a few days (sometimes even weeks) to build trust with a new owner in a new environment.
Building a bond with your pet rat takes time, patience, and consistency. Start by allowing them to get used to your presence and smell. Offer them treats from your hand, speak to them softly, and gradually increase your physical contact with them.
Always handle your rat gently and respect their boundaries to foster trust. Discover more tips about bonding with your pet rat here.
Diet and Nutrition
Rats are omnivores and need a balanced diet to maintain their health. A high-quality commercial rat food can form the basis of their diet, supplemented with fresh fruits, vegetables, and small amounts of lean protein.
Avoid feeding your rats unhealthy treats, like sugary or high-fat junk foods, and ensure they always have access to fresh, clean water every day.
For a deep dive into rats’ diet and nutrition, visit what do pet rats eat.
Hygiene and Odor Control
Regular cage cleaning is obviously a must for pet rats! They have very delicate respiratory systems and can’t sit in their own ammonia for very long. Daily spot cleaning, where you just remove any soiled bedding and give surfaces a quick wide down, can really help to keep smells down for both you and them.
Their cage only needs a deep clean 1-2 times a week, depending on what type of bedding you use. Rats do scent mark their environment and like for it to smell like them.
In terms of grooming, rats are generally clean animals and groom themselves several times a day. You can help by wiping them down with a damp cloth if needed. Pet rats generally don’t love taking water baths, and it’s not really a necessity to keep them clean.
To understand more about managing hygiene and odor, check out this article about pet rats and smell.
Litter Training Your Pet Rats
Yes, you can litter train your rats! Not only does it keep the cage cleaner, but it also makes your job easier because you only have to toss out their litter trays during spot cleans.
Many rats like to use a specific corner of their cage, so you can take advantage of this natural behavior by placing litter trays there. They also tend to prefer flat, shiny surfaces to pee on – so keep that in mind when placing litter trays!
Patience is key in the process. Reward your rat for using the litter box and gently move them to it if they start to go elsewhere in the cage. For more tips on toilet training rats, check out this guide on how to litter train pet rats.
Health and Wellness
Rats are very good at hiding illness and when they do get sick, they tend to decline quickly. Understanding what to look for can help you catch and treat common illnesses quickly.
Common Health Issues in Pet Rats: Identifying Early Signs
As a rat owner, it’s crucial to be aware of the common health issues that rats face. These include respiratory problems, tumors, skin conditions, head tilts, and dental issues. Recognizing early signs of these conditions, such as changes in eating or grooming habits, lethargy, unusual lumps, or changes in breathing, can enable early intervention and improve your rat’s prognosis. Regular veterinary check-ups are also beneficial for rats. Learn more about common health issues in pet rats here.
Pros and Cons of Spaying and Neutering Rats
Spaying and neutering pet rats can have both benefits and drawbacks. Benefits can include a decrease in certain health risks, like tumors for females, and a reduction in aggressive behavior if your males struggle with that.
With that said, any surgical procedure carries risks, including complications from anesthesia or infection.
Consider the pros and cons of spaying and neutering rats and consult with a vet before making your decision. It’s not necessary to spay and neuter rats unless you plan to have males and females living together, but as mentioned, there are some common health conditions it can prevent.
Caring for Elderly Rats: Special Considerations
As rats age, their needs change. They may become less active, their dietary needs can shift, and they may develop age-related conditions like arthritis. Elderly rats also need more warmth and may require easier access to food and water sources. Providing soft bedding and ensuring the cage is easy to navigate can greatly enhance their comfort. Find more on caring for elderly rats.
Tips and Tricks to Increase Your Pet Rat’s Lifespan
Although rats have a relatively short lifespan, proper care can ensure they live their lives to the fullest. Providing a balanced diet, ensuring regular exercise, maintaining a clean and safe environment, and prompt veterinary care are all essential to maximizing your rat’s lifespan. Enrichment activities and social interaction also contribute to their overall well-being. Explore more tips and tricks to increase your pet rat’s lifespan.
Socializing and Bonding
Introducing Two or More Pet Rats
Rats are social creatures and generally thrive in the company of their own kind. However, introducing a new rat to an existing group should be done with care. Rats tend to be extremely aggressive towards intruders, unless introduced properly.
Start by housing them separately but close enough to smell each other. Gradual, supervised interaction during neutral times and places can then follow.
Make sure to monitor their behavior closely during the initial period of cohabitation. Find out more about introducing two or more pet rats.
Rat Behavior and Enrichment
Understanding Rat Behavior: What They’re Trying to Tell You
Rats use a range of vocalizations, body language, and behaviors to communicate. Understanding these can help you respond to your rat’s needs more effectively. For example, bruxing (grinding their teeth) often indicates contentment, while squeaking might signal distress. Similarly, grooming or ‘grooming you’ shows they see you as part of their group.
When it doesn’t work out: how to rehome rats
If circumstances change and you’re no longer able to care for your pet rats, rehoming is a responsible option. Reach out to local rat or small animal rescue organizations, or consider using reputable online platforms. Always prioritize the welfare of your rats when seeking a new home for them. Learn more about how to rehome rats responsibly.
Conclusion
Caring for a pet rat is a rewarding experience. With a good understanding of their needs, a commitment to their health and happiness, and a willingness to bond and interact, you can ensure your pet rat leads a fulfilling life.
Every rat is unique, so take the time to understand their individual personality and preferences. Above all, enjoy the journey of rat ownership!
I hope this guide serves as a useful resource for you and your pet rat. Good luck, and don’t forget to have fun with your furry friend!
